Le bouddhisme et ses origines
佛教 ：Bouddhisme
佛 fo: Bouddha
教 jiao: Enseignement / religion
En Inde, où elle représente déjà un boulversement, l’aventure bouddhique commence avec Gautama Shākyamuni (env. 560 – 480 av. J.-C.), contemporain de Confucius.
Le terme de bouddhisme, quant à lui, apparait en 1817 et est un terme purement occidental. Le terme utilisé par les asiatiques est celui de Bouddha-Dharma, littéralement “nature même des phénomènes.”
Une quête de vérité s’opère alors, dans le but d’éradiquer toute souffrance. Cela est rendu possible par différentes pratiques., enseignées par Bouddha. Car selon lui, c’est la manière de projeter notre esprit sur le monde qui nous illusionne. Est donc instaurée la notion de dharma, signifiant la découverte, derrière les phénomènes apparents, de ce qu’est la nature fondamentale de la réalité .
” TOUT EST ILLUSION “
Au cour des quatre sorties successives alors qu’il traverse la ville sur son char, il est frappé par ce qu’il voit : ce sont les souffrances humaines du vieillissement, de la maladie, de la mort et de la naissance.
Après avoir vu tant de souffrance, Gautama Shākyamuni en vient à la radicale conclusion que ” tout n’est qu’illusion “. À 35 ans, ayant atteint l’illumination sous l’arbre de l’Éveil (bodhi), il est connu sous le nom de Bouddha, ” l’Éveillé “.
Quête dU BOUDDHA
Suite à la souffrance que Bouddha a observé, il lui vint comme une évidence la nécessité de se mettre en quête de libération de cette souffrance (souffrance = duhkha).
Éradiquer la souffrance, voilà le but ultime et l’idéologie principale que prône le bouddhisme. On nomme ce phénomène ” nirvana “, littéralement : “au delà de la souffrance ” . On atteint le nirvana lorsque les manifestations et les souffrances ont été épuisées par un travail spirituel. Pour ce faire, des pratiques telles que la discipline éthique, la méditation qui sert à entrainer l’esprit, à mieux comprendre son esprit, sont des pratiques permettant de développer la sagesse. La sagesse va nous libérer de nos illusions. On peut donc alors affirmer que éthique, méditation et sagesse sont indissociables.
QUÊTE DE VÉRITÉ
1. La vérité de la douleur : Bouddha dit que « la naissance est douleur, la vieillesse est douleur, la maladie est douleur, la mort est douleur, l’union avec ce qu’on n’aime pas est douleur, la séparation d’avec ce que l’on aime est douleur, ne pas obtenir son désir est douleur, en résumé les cinq sortes d’objets d’attachement sont douleur »
2. La vérité sur l’origine de la douleur : Bouddha dit que « c’est la soif qui conduit de renaissance en renaissance, accompagnée du plaisir et de la convoitise, qui trouve çà et là et son plaisir : la soif de plaisir, la soif d’existence, la soif d’impermanence »
3. La vérité sur la suppression de la douleur : Bouddha dit que « l’extinction de cette soif par l’anéantissement complet du désir, en bannissant le désir, en y renonçant, en s’en délivrant, en ne lui laissant pas de place »
4. La vérité qui mène à la suppression de la douleur : Bouddha dit que « c’est ce chemin sacré, à huit branches, qui s’appelle foi pure, volonté pure, language pure, action pure, moyens d’existence purs, application pure, mémoire pure »
C’est la fin de cet artcile ! j’espère qu’il vous à plu et qu’il vous à permis d’en apprendre plus sur cette religion-philosophie qu’est le bouddhisme ! 
Article réalisé à l’aide de plusieurs références
Anne Cheng, Histoire de la pensée chinoise
Ji Zhe, proffeseur à l’inalco et spécialiste du bouddhisme
Philippe Cornu, écrivain et spécialiste du bouddhisme
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